Big ambitions.
Deeper understanding.

Sources, early societies, religious ideas and state formation.

Political institutions, regional powers and social interaction.

Colonial expansion, social change and the freedom struggle.

Architecture, religions, literature, art forms and heritage.

Consolidation, reorganisation and the making of the modern world.

Diversity, inequalities, social change and collective identities.

Physical processes, India, resources and human geography.

Constitutional foundations, institutions, federalism and representation.

Public policy, civil services, transparency and participation.

Capabilities, welfare systems and inclusion of vulnerable groups.

Foreign-policy concepts, neighbourhood, global institutions and diaspora.

Growth, money, public finance, external sector and infrastructure.

Crops, irrigation, markets, food security and allied activities.

Ecosystems, biodiversity, pollution and climate change.

Scientific foundations, applications, institutions and responsible innovation.

Threats, institutions, border management and civil liberties.

Risk, preparedness, resilient development and recovery.

Moral reasoning, public-service values, probity and case studies.