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GS II · Prelims + Mains

Indian Polity and Constitution

Constitutional foundations, institutions, federalism and representation.

8 detailed chapters

Read the module

  1. 31Constitution-making, Preamble and basic structureIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 8 min read
  2. 32Fundamental Rights, Duties and Directive PrinciplesIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 8 min read
  3. 33Union executive, President and Council of MinistersIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 8 min read
  4. 34Parliament, legislation, budget and committeesIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 7 min read
  5. 35Judiciary, judicial review and separation of powersIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 7 min read
  6. 36Federalism, emergencies and local governmentIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 7 min read
  7. 37Elections, parties and constitutional bodiesIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 7 min read
  8. 38Comparative constitutions and constitutional practiceIndian Polity and Constitution · GS II · 7 min read

Keep these distinctions clear

ProvisionRoleEnforceability
Fundamental RightsProtected constitutional guaranteesJudicial remedies available
Directive PrinciplesGuidance for social and economic governanceNot directly enforceable as rights
Fundamental DutiesCivic responsibilities under Article 51ASome supported by separate laws